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Frontiers in Oncology 2023Regular breast self-examination is the most cost-effective method for early detection of breast cancer, especially in resource-limited countries. However, breast...
UNLABELLED
Regular breast self-examination is the most cost-effective method for early detection of breast cancer, especially in resource-limited countries. However, breast self-examination practice was low among reproductive-age women.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to evaluate breast self-examination practice and associated factors among women of reproductive age in southeast Ethiopia.
METHODS
A convergent parallel mixed-methods study design was conducted on 836 women of reproductive age. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for the quantitative part of the study and supplemented by focus group discussions. A database was created using Epi-info version 3.5.3, and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were done to examine the effect of explanatory variables. Variables with -value <0.05 during multivariable logistic regressions were considered as significantly associated with the dependent variable. Thematic data analysis was carried out for the qualitative study.
RESULT
Out of 836 total participants, only 20.7% had ever heard about breast self-examination practice. Also, only 13.2% of the mothers had practiced breast self-examinations. Even though the majority of the participants during focused group discussions had knowledge about breast cancer screening, most of them stated that breast self-examination was not practiced among them. Maternal age, mother's level of education, and previous history of breast examination by health professionals were significant predictors of breast self-examination practices.
CONCLUSION
This study reported a low prevalence of breast self-examination practice. Therefore, enhancing women's education and encouraging breast examination by health professionals are essential to increase the proportion of women performing breast self-examination.
PubMed: 37361589
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1176022 -
PloS One 2021The survival rate from breast cancer is lowest in African countries and the distribution of breast self-examination practice of and its determinants are not well... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The survival rate from breast cancer is lowest in African countries and the distribution of breast self-examination practice of and its determinants are not well investigated in Ethiopia. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to determine the pooled prevalence of breast self-examination and its associated factors among women in Ethiopia.
METHODS
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The databases used were; PUBMED, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, CINAHL, African Journals Online, Dimensions and Summon per country online databases. Search terms used were; breast self-examination, breast cancer screening, early detection of breast cancer and Ethiopia. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) was used for critical appraisal of studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 15 software. The pooled meta-analysis was computed to present the pooled prevalence and relative risks (RRs) of the determinate factors with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
RESULTS
We identified 2,637 studies, of which, 40 articles (with 17,820 participants) were eligible for inclusion in the final meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of breast self-examination in Ethiopia was 36.72% (95% CI: 29.90, 43.53). The regional distribution breast self-examination ranged from 21.2% (95% CI: 4.49, 37.91) in Tigray to 61.5% (95% CI: 53.98, 69.02) in Gambela region. The lowest prevalence of breast self-examination was observed among the general population (20.43% (95% CI: 14.13, 26.72)). Women who had non-formal educational status (OR = 0.4 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.77)), family history of breast cancer (OR = 2.04 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.39)), good knowledge of breast self-examination (OR = 4.8 (95% CI: 3.03, 7.6)) and favorable attitude toward breast self-examination (OR = 2.75, (95% CI: 1.66, 4.55)) were significantly associated with practice of breast self-examination.
CONCLUSIONS
Only a third of women in Ethiopia practiced breast examination despite WHO guidelines advocating for this practice among all women of reproductive age. Intervention programs should address the factors that are associated with breast self-examination. Population specific programs are needed to promote breast self-examination.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Breast; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Regression Analysis; Self-Examination; Young Adult
PubMed: 33444380
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245252 -
Indian Journal of Cancer 2022
Topics: Asian People; Breast Neoplasms; Breast Self-Examination; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Mammography
PubMed: 35645048
DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_447_22 -
Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt... 2021Breast self-examination (BSE) is one of the most feasible methods of screening for early stages of breast cancer. However, the practice rate is insufficient in many low... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Breast self-examination (BSE) is one of the most feasible methods of screening for early stages of breast cancer. However, the practice rate is insufficient in many low and middle-income countries including Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of BSE practice among female university students in Ethiopia.
METHODS
PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for studies that assessed BSE practice among female students in Ethiopian universities. The study included articles published from January 1st, 2010 to June 16th, 2020. The Cochran's Q chi-square and the respective I test statistics were used to check heterogeneity among the included studies. To assess publication biases, the funnel plot and Egger's regression tests were employed. Subgroup analysis was done by using different characteristics of studies. Sensitivity analysis was also run to assess the effect of a single study on the pooled outcome. STATA™ Version 14 software packages were employed for data analysis.
RESULTS
Sixteen (n = 16) studies with 5,743 participants were included to estimate the pooled prevalence of BSE practice. The prevalence of regular BSE practice reported in the studies ranges from 0% to 26.4%. The estimated pooled prevalence of regular BSE practice among university students in Ethiopia is 11.23% which is very low. The prevalence of BSE practice was high, 13.6% in studies published before 2015, 12.0% among health science students, and 12.6% in studies with a sample size of 384 participants and above. In addition, the estimated pooled prevalence of irregular self-breast-examination practice was 33.28%.
CONCLUSION
The rate of BSE practice among female university students is low. Thus, awareness strategies need to be designed to increase the practice rate among women in the country as BSE is one of the most feasible strategies in early detection of breast cancer if properly implemented.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Breast Self-Examination; Ethiopia; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Observational Studies as Topic; Students; Universities
PubMed: 34169755
DOI: 10.1177/10732748211019137 -
BioMed Research International 2022Breast self-examination is a noninvasive, low-cost screening method for breast cancer detection. A thorough awareness of breast self-examination enables the early...
INTRODUCTION
Breast self-examination is a noninvasive, low-cost screening method for breast cancer detection. A thorough awareness of breast self-examination enables the early detection of breast abnormalities and dramatically lowers breast cancer complications and mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge about breast self-examination and its associated factors among female students at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
METHODS
An institution-based cross-sectional study design was employed. The final calculated sample size was 407, and participants were recruited using a proportionate stratified random sampling approach. For data entry and coding, EPI Data 3.1 statistical software was utilized, and for data analysis, SPSS version 18 was employed. The data was described using descriptive analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the strength of the association between the predictor and the outcome variables. A 95% confidence interval and a -value of less than 0.05 were used to declare statistical significance.
RESULTS
The findings of this study revealed that 49.9% of respondents possessed good breast self-examination knowledge. Previously, urban residents were about two times more likely to have good knowledge of BSE than their rural counterparts (AOR =2.16, 95% CI (1.18-39.91), p =0.011). The odds of having good BSE knowledge were about three times more likely among those who had a good attitude than those who had a poor attitude (AOR =3.17, 95% CI (2.02-4.74), p <0.001). Those who knew someone with a diagnosis of breast cancer were almost three times more likely to have good knowledge than those who did not know (AOR =2.95, 95% CI (1.77-4.91), p <0.001).
CONCLUSION
According to the findings of this survey, less than half of the students who participated had good knowledge of breast self-examination. This justifies raising awareness about breast self-examination among female students.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Breast Self-Examination; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Students; Surveys and Questionnaires; Universities
PubMed: 35677100
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2870419 -
BMC Women's Health Jul 2022Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed reproductive organ cancer among women in Ethiopia. Even though breast self-examination (BSE) is shown to be the least...
BACKGROUND
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed reproductive organ cancer among women in Ethiopia. Even though breast self-examination (BSE) is shown to be the least expensive, less time-consuming, and non-invasive screening method, the practice of breast self-examination in Ethiopia is poor. Therefore this study aimed to assess breast self-examination practice and predictors among female secondary school teachers using the Health Belief Model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An institution-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 589 female secondary school teachers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A self-administered questionnaire containing socio-demographic characteristics, sources of information, knowledge, perception on breast self-examination, and BSE practice was prepared based on the Champion's revised Health Belief Model and used as a data collection instrument. Multi-variable binary logistic regression was employed to identify the predictors of breast self-examination practice with significance set at p < 0.05 by controlling possible confounders.
RESULT
Breast self-examination was practiced by 43.6% of female secondary school teachers. Television and radio were the commonest sources of information about breast cancer and breast self-examination. Personal history of breast problem (AOR 3.27, 95% CI 1.13-9.45), teaching experience (AOR 2.46, 95% CI 1.33-4.56), knowledge (AOR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12) and perceived self-efficacy (AOR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.12) were significantly associated with BSE practice.
CONCLUSION
The practice of breast self-examination was found to be low. Perceived self-efficacy, personal history of breast problems, and the knowledge level of female teachers were factors associated with the practice of BSE. This suggests the need for educational programs to enhance knowledge regarding breast cancer and improve the practice of breast self-examination.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Breast Self-Examination; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Female; Health Belief Model; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Schools; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35906601
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01904-w -
SAGE Open Medicine 2022Although breast self-examination has been shown to be the least-expensive, less time-consuming, and non-invasive screening method, still there is a gap in practice....
OBJECTIVE
Although breast self-examination has been shown to be the least-expensive, less time-consuming, and non-invasive screening method, still there is a gap in practice. Furthermore, the information among more risky population which attends anti-retroviral therapy is too limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess breast self-examination practices and its associated factors among women who attended the anti-retroviral therapy clinic in Bahir Dar city administration, Northwest Ethiopia.
METHODS
An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 660 women who attended anti-retroviral therapy clinics from March 1 to March 30, 2020. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were entered in to EPI data 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23.00 software for analysis. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with self-breast examination. Variables with a p value less than 0.2 in bivariable regression were candidates for multivariable regression. Adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence intervals and p values less than 0.05 were used to determine the association between independent and dependent variables. Hosmer-Lemeshow Test was used to determine model fitness.
RESULT
Among 641 study participants, 224 (34.9%) have ever practiced breast self-examination. Women who attended college or above (adjusted odds ratio = 4.04, 95% confidence interval (1.65,9.90)), rich (adjusted odds ratio = 6.64, 95% confidence interval (2.72,16.20)), knowledgeable about signs and symptoms of breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio = 5.13, 95% confidence interval ( 2.55,10.31)), risk factors for breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio = 3.62, 95% confidence interval (1.85,7.07)), positive attitude toward breast self-examination (adjusted odds ratio = 2.76,95% confidence interval (1.41,11.84)), family history of breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio = 3.68,95% confidence interval (1.14,11.84)), and knowledge about breast self-examination technique (adjusted odds ratio = 2.64, 95% confidence interval (1.23,5.66)) had higher odds of breast self-examination practice.
CONCLUSION
The practice of breast self-examination was low. During their regular visits for other issues, education and information dissemination about the benefits and techniques of self-breast examination is recommended.
PubMed: 36161210
DOI: 10.1177/20503121221124948 -
BMC Women's Health Aug 2020The early detection of breast cancer plays an important role in decreasing morbidity and mortality of breast cancer. Breast self-examination (BSE) is one screening...
BACKGROUND
The early detection of breast cancer plays an important role in decreasing morbidity and mortality of breast cancer. Breast self-examination (BSE) is one screening method used for the early detection of breast cancer. BSE involves the woman looking at and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions, or swellings. BSE is a simple exercise that can potentially save women's lives, but BSE receives relatively little attention and no study has yet addressed BSE at the community level. Here we assessed BSE and associated factors among women aged 20-65 years in Wolaita Sodo city, Ethiopia.
METHODS
This was a community-based, cross-sectional study. Systematic random sampling was used to select 626 women aged 20-65 years old. Data were collected using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire. Data were recorded using EpiData version 3.5.1 and exported to SPSS version 21 for cleaning and statistical analysis. Bivariable analysis was performed, and variables with a p-value < 0.25 were used in multiple logistic regression analysis. Multiple logistic regression was employed, and variables with p-values < 0.05 were considered statically significant.
RESULTS
A total of 629 women aged between 20 and 65 years were included in the study. Over half (60.9%) of participants were aged between 20 and 29 years, and 8.2% were < 50 years old. Women who mentioned BSE as a method for the early detection of breast problems were 6.36-times (95% CI: 3.72, 10.71) more likely to perform BSE than those who reported that they did not know of any method. Those who had breast fed for 13-24 months were 2.43 times (95% CI: 1.28, 4.59) more likely to examine their breasts than those who breast fed for different durations or used other methods. Employed study participants were 3.13-times (95% CI: 1.14, 8.58) more likely to practice BSE than those who were not employed. Likewise, students were 3.73-times (95% CI: 1.19, 11.73) more likely to perform BSE.
CONCLUSIONS
In our sample, women's practice of BSE was relatively low. Knowledge of BSE, breastfeeding up to 24 months, being employed, and being a student were factors affecting performing BSE. Educating girls and increasing awareness, including through electronic media, are important to encourage BSE and improve breast cancer outcomes.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Breast Self-Examination; Community-Based Participatory Research; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 32770978
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-01042-1 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... 2020This study is carried out to report on the knowledge and practice regarding breast self-examination (BSE) among women from the city of Mosul in Iraq and to evaluate the... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
AIMS
This study is carried out to report on the knowledge and practice regarding breast self-examination (BSE) among women from the city of Mosul in Iraq and to evaluate the prevalence of performing clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography among them.
SETTINGS AND DESIGN
A descriptive, cross-sectional survey carried out among females working in the University of Mosul, as a sample of the female population of Mosul city.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The sample was collected conveniently, and the data were collected from July to November 2018. Data were collected by interviews with 405 participants. Knowledge answers were scored and categorized into two groups: good and poor level of knowledge.
RESULTS
A final sample of 384 participants were included in the analysis, with a mean age of 42.58 ± 8.9. Only 39 (10.1%) and 37 (9.6%) participants performed mammographic examination and CBE of their breasts, respectively. Just 100 (30.3%) of the 330 females who knew BSE performed BSE routinely or intermittently. The mean knowledge score was 4.22 ± 1.66, and only 141 females (42.7%) were found to have a good level of knowledge. A statistically significant association of knowledge level with marital status (P = 0.015), perceived benefit of BSE (P = 0.001), previous gain of instructions of BSE (P < 0.05), and the provider (P < 0.05) was found.
CONCLUSIONS
The performance results of BSE were poor as well as for CBE and mammography among the study participants. There is a need for educational programs to create awareness and improve knowledge about routine breast cancer screening behavior.
Topics: Adult; Breast Neoplasms; Breast Self-Examination; Cities; Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Iraq; Mammography; Middle Aged; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 33342800
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_736_19 -
PloS One 2023Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and also among Nepalese women. Breast self-examination is an important, cheap, and easy method for early...
BACKGROUND
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and also among Nepalese women. Breast self-examination is an important, cheap, and easy method for early diagnosis of breast cancer which can be cured in the majority of cases if diagnosed in the early stages. In developing countries like Nepal where the awareness regarding breast cancer and breast self-examination is poor, breast cancers are diagnosed at late stages resulting in a poor prognosis of the disease. The study assessed knowledge, practice, and factors associated with breast self-examination.
METHODS
A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 262 women in the Butwal sub-metropolitan adopting multi-stage sampling. A pre-tested structured interview schedule and an observation checklist were used to collect the data. Data was entered in EPI-data and necessary univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were done in SPSS.
RESULTS
The study found that more than half of the participants (55.3%) had poor knowledge of BSE. Only one-fourth (27.1%) of them were practicing BSE and among them, most of them (93.0%) had poor practice. The factors such as ethnicity from Brahmin/Chhetri [AOR = 2.099, 95% CI (1.106-3.981)], use of contraceptive devices [AOR = 9.487, 95% CI (2.166-41.558)], personal history of breast lump [AOR = 12.502, 95% CI (1.639-95.387)], family history of breast cancer [AOR = 5.729, 95% CI (1.337-97.512)], and knowledge of BSE [AOR = 4.407, 95% CI = 2.160-34.650)] were significant determinants of BSE practice among 20-49 years women.
CONCLUSION
The study concluded that most of the women had poor knowledge and practice of breast self-examination. The study also indicated the influence of ethnicity, contraceptives, personal and family history of cancer/early warning signs, and knowledge for practicing breast self-examination. There is an immediate need to increase the knowledge and practice of breast self-examination to prevent and detect breast cancer in its early stage.
Topics: Female; Humans; Aged; Nepal; Cross-Sectional Studies; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Breast Self-Examination; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 37267248
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286676